法律英语中常用的格式化短语(Boilerplate Clauses)
法律英语中常用的格式化短语(Boilerplate Clauses)
法律英语中的格式化短语(Boilerplate Clauses)是法律文件中的标准化表述,其核心功能是确保条款的严谨性、明确性和法律效力。这些短语经过长期司法实践沉淀,具有高度重复性和规范性,能够降低解释风险并提高法律文本的可预见性。以下是其分类、典型示例及使用要点:
一、定义条款(Definitions)
- "hereinafter referred to as..."
- 功能:定义简称,避免重复冗长名称。
- 示例:
"ABC Corporation, hereinafter referred to as 'the Company', agrees to..." - 注意:首次使用全称后需立即定义。
- "means and includes..."
- 功能:扩展术语外延,避免遗漏。
- 示例:
"'Software' means and includes source code, documentation, and updates."
二、义务与责任(Obligations & Liabilities)
- "shall"
- 功能:表示强制性义务(法律英语的核心情态动词)。
- 示例:
"The Contractor shall complete the work by December 31, 2024." - 对比:"may"(授权性)与"must"(非正式,少用)。
- "hold harmless and indemnify"
- 功能:双重免责与赔偿条款,强化保护。
- 示例:
"Party B shall hold harmless and indemnify Party A against any third-party claims."
三、权利与授权(Rights & Authority)
- "without prejudice to..."
- 功能:保留既有权利不受当前条款影响。
- 示例:
"Accepting this payment is without prejudice to the right to pursue further legal action."
- "in its sole discretion"
- 功能:强调单方决定权,排除争议。
- 示例:
"The Board may, in its sole discretion, amend the bylaws."
四、条件与例外(Conditions & Exceptions)
- "subject to..."
- 功能:设定前提条件或例外情形。
- 示例:
"Payment is subject to the Buyer’s inspection approval."
- "save as otherwise provided..."
- 功能:排除性条款,明确例外优先。
- 示例:
"Save as otherwise provided herein, all disputes shall be resolved by arbitration."
五、法律程序(Legal Proceedings)
- "without undue delay"
- 功能:要求及时行动,但保留合理时间弹性。
- 示例:
"The Parties shall notify each other of any breach without undue delay."
- "in witness whereof"
- 功能:合同结尾签署前的程式化表述。
- 示例:
"IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written."
六、免责条款(Exclusion Clauses)
- "force majeure"
- 功能:不可抗力下的履约豁免。
- 示例:
"Neither party shall be liable for delays caused by force majeure events."
- "as is, where is"
- 功能:排除默示担保,明确风险转移。
- 示例:
"The equipment is sold 'as is, where is', with all faults."
七、争议解决(Dispute Resolution)
- "governing law"
- 功能:明确适用法律体系。
- 示例:
"This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Singapore."
- "arbitration clause"
- 典型结构:
"Any dispute arising out of this Agreement shall be finally settled by binding arbitration administered by [机构名称]."
- 典型结构:
八、时间与期限(Time & Duration)
- "time is of the essence"
- 功能:强调时间条款的严格性。
- 示例:
"Time is of the essence with respect to delivery deadlines."
- "commencement date"
- 功能:明确合同生效时间。
- 示例:
"This Agreement shall commence on the Commencement Date and continue for three years."
九、法律效力(Validity)
- "null and void"
- 功能:宣告条款无效。
- 示例:
"If either party fails to perform, this Agreement shall become null and void."
- "severability clause"
- 功能:部分无效不影响整体效力。
- 示例:
"If any provision is held invalid, the remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect."
十、其他常见格式化表达
- 拉丁短语(逐渐减少使用):
- "inter alia"(除其他事项外)、"mutatis mutandis"(经必要修改后)、"bona fide"(善意)。
- 趋势:现代法律文本更倾向使用英语替代词。
- 冗余表述(用于避免歧义):
- "terms and conditions"(条款)、"covenants and agreements"(承诺)、"null and void"(无效)。
使用注意事项:
- 语境匹配:不同司法管辖区(如英美)对短语的接受度不同。
- 避免过度冗余:现代法律文本逐渐简化冗余表达(如用"terms"替代"terms and conditions")。
- 术语不可替换:如"shall"不可替换为"will",因其法律含义不同。
格式化短语是法律英语的“标准化零件”,其价值在于通过约定俗成的表达,确保法律文本的稳定性和可执行性。掌握这些短语是法律从业者的基本功,也是避免起草漏洞的关键。
2025年2月4日 09:38
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